Ch. 3
Pre-Modern Globalization
Earliest forms of long-distance interaction before the 16th century through trade networks, migration, cultural exchange, and empires — without modern technology.
Ch. 3
Modern Globalization
The phase from 1500s–1945 marked by the Age of Exploration, colonial empires, Industrial Revolution (railroads, steam engines), and invention of the telegraph.
Ch. 3
Contemporary Globalization
Post-WWII era (1945–present) driven by international institutions (UN, IMF, World Bank) and the rise of digital technologies including the internet, AI, and cloud computing.
Ch. 3
The Silk Road
One of the earliest and most important trade networks linking Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Europe. Facilitated exchange of goods, religions, and technologies like papermaking and gunpowder.
Ch. 3
Age of Exploration
15th–17th century period when European explorers traveled across oceans to discover new trade routes and territories, transforming regional trade into a global system.
Ch. 3
Industrial Revolution
Major economic/technological transformation featuring factories, steam engines, railroads, and the telegraph — greatly accelerating global trade and communication.
Ch. 3
Cultural Diffusion
The spread of cultural elements (religions, ideas, technologies) from one society to another — a key feature of pre-modern globalization through trade routes like the Silk Road.
Ch. 4
ICT
Information and Communication Technology — the combination of computing technologies and telecommunications systems used to handle and transmit information.
Ch. 4
Digital Divide
The gap between people who have access to internet and digital technology versus those who do not — affecting education, employment, and economic participation.
Ch. 4
Cybersecurity
Protection of digital systems, networks, and data from threats such as hacking, cyber attacks, and data breaches — a critical responsibility for IT professionals.
Ch. 4
Digital Economy
Economic activities based on digital technologies and internet platforms — including e-commerce, online services, and technology-driven industries.
Ch. 4
Digital Platforms
Internet-based systems that allow users to create, share, and exchange information or services online — examples include Facebook, YouTube, Zoom, and LinkedIn.
Ch. 4
ICT Infrastructure
The physical and digital systems supporting global information exchange: fiber optic networks, data centers, satellite systems, wireless networks, and internet backbone.
Ch. 4
Data Privacy
The protection of personal information collected by digital platforms and organizations — requiring government policies and organizational compliance to safeguard user rights.
Ch. 5
Global Trade
The exchange of goods and services between countries through imports and exports — one of the most important components of economic globalization.
Ch. 5
Exports
Goods or services sold to other countries. Countries export what they produce efficiently to earn revenue and participate in global markets.
Ch. 5
Imports
Goods or services purchased from other countries. Countries import what they cannot produce efficiently within their own borders.
Ch. 5
WTO
World Trade Organization — the international institution that promotes and regulates global trade rules and resolves trade disputes between nations.
Ch. 5
Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
Companies that operate in multiple countries with HQ in one country and business operations globally. Examples: Apple, Microsoft, Amazon.
Ch. 5
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Investment by MNCs in businesses, factories, and infrastructure in foreign countries — stimulating economic development and technology transfer in host nations.
Ch. 5
E-Commerce
Electronic commerce — buying and selling goods and services through online platforms without requiring physical stores. Examples: Amazon, Alibaba, Shopee.
Ch. 5
Global Supply Chain
A network of production processes spread across multiple countries — where different stages of manufacturing occur in various global locations coordinated by MNCs.
Ch. 6
Outsourcing
Hiring external organizations to perform specific business functions previously handled internally — such as customer service, IT support, or accounting.
Ch. 6
Offshoring
Relocating business operations or production to another country — often for lower labor costs, skilled workers, or favorable economic policies. Includes BPO industries.
Ch. 6
Automation
The use of machines, software, or technological systems to perform repetitive or routine tasks — such as industrial robots, assembly lines, and self-checkout systems.
Ch. 6
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Computer systems capable of learning from data, recognizing patterns, and making decisions — used in financial analysis, medical diagnosis, chatbots, and autonomous vehicles.
Ch. 6
Gig Economy
An economic model based on short-term, project-based employment instead of permanent jobs — including freelance digital services, online consulting, and content creation.
Ch. 6
Remote Work
Working from locations outside the traditional office using digital communication tools — offering flexible schedules and access to global talent pools.
Ch. 6
Global Division of Labor
The specialization of different regions in specific economic activities as a result of outsourcing and offshoring — e.g., manufacturing in developing countries, tech services in others.
Ch. 6
Brain Drain
The emigration of skilled, educated workers to other countries for better opportunities — leaving their home country with a shortage of skilled professionals.
Ch. 7
Nation-State
A political entity with a defined territory, permanent population, government, and sovereignty — associated with shared national identity among citizens.
Ch. 7
Sovereignty
The absolute authority of a state to govern itself without external interference — a key principle of the nation-state in international politics.
Ch. 7
Global Governance
Policies, treaties, and frameworks created by international organizations to regulate transnational issues — enabling cooperation among nations on trade, security, and human rights.
Ch. 7
Non-State Actors
Entities that influence global politics and national policies without being governments — including MNCs, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international institutions.
Ch. 7
OFW (Overseas Filipino Workers)
Filipinos working abroad who contribute to both global labor systems and the domestic Philippine economy through remittances — an example of global migration.
Ch. 7
Economic Interdependence
The mutual dependence of nations on each other for trade, investment, labor, and resources — a major effect of globalization on nation-states.
Ch. 7
Transnational Issues
Problems that cross national borders and require international cooperation to address — such as climate change, pandemics, terrorism, and economic crises.