Readings in Philippine History

1. Andres Bonifacio
2. Teodoro Plata
3. Ladislao Diwa
4. Darilyo Valino
5. Rulfo Guia
6. Dano Belica
7. Tiburcio Liamson
8. Gabrino Manzanero

Founded in 1892 at Manila. Primary aim: gain independence from Spain through revolution.

1. The Historian / Author — the person writing/documenting the events/history
2. Place — the location where the history was written
3. Period — the context of the time when the history was written
4. Sources — objects left in the past that exist as a relic or testimonies of witnesses

1. Aral 1: A life not devoted to a great and sacred cause is like a tree without shade — but a poisonous weed. (Importance of living for a noble, collective purpose — nationalism)
2. Aral 4: Whether dark or light-skinned, all people are equal; one may be surpassed in wisdom, wealth, or beauty — but not in dignity/personhood. (Equality regardless of race)
3. Aral 14: When these teachings spread and the sun of freedom shines, the brotherhood united in joy will make all sacrifices worthwhile. (Goal of freedom and collective liberation)

1. Aral 7: Do not waste time; lost wealth can be regained, but lost time can never return. (Value of Time)
2. Aral 9: The wise person is careful about every word spoken, and knows how to keep what should be kept secret. (Prudence in speech)
3. Aral 12: What you do not want done to your spouse, child, or sibling, do not do to the spouse, child, or sibling of others. (Golden Rule / Reciprocity)

Also consider: Aral 3 (true virtue = collective work and love of neighbor), Aral 5 (high-minded person first considers honor, not self).

1. When was the source produced? (Date)
2. Where was it produced? (Localization)
3. By whom was it produced? (Authorship)
4. From what pre-existing material was it produced? (Analysis)
5. In what original form was it produced? (Integrity)
6. What is the evidential value of its contents? (Credibility)

1. Serve as clearing house in-charge of collecting, organizing, disseminating and preserving local studies materials of their particular locality
2. Responsible for conducting, publishing, and promoting local historical researches
3. Responsible for promoting historical events and creating historical activities
4. Encouraged to establish and sustain linkage and networking with other centers, historical bodies, and government bodies both locally and abroad

1. Paleography — study of handwriting
2. Diplomatics — textual analysis / writing conventions
3. Archaeology — scientific study of material remains
4. Statistics — analysis of numerical data
5. Linguistics — study of language structure
6. Genealogy — study of family relationships
7. Prosopography — use of biographical material to construct group narratives
8. Sigillography — identifying and decoding seals
9. Heraldry — study of coats of arms
10. Numismatics — study of coins

1. Gregorio F. Zaide, Fr. Horacio Dela Costa, Fr. Jose Arcilla — Clerical point of view
2. Teodoro Agoncillo — Nationalist historiography; History started in 1872
3. Samuel K. Tan — Collective interplay of events; opposed Manila-centered history
4. Reynaldo C. Ileto — History from below; Pasyon at Rebolusyon
5. Renato Constantino — History is the achievement of the collective; masses are real movers
6. Zeus A. Salazar — Pantayong Pananaw; Filipino language as medium of instruction

TRUE — Secondary sources interpret, assign value to, and draw conclusions about primary sources. They may include conjectures.

FALSE — This description belongs to the National Museum of the Philippines. The National Library (NLP) is the official national library, not the National Museum.

TRUE — External criticism refers to the genuineness/authenticity of the documents a researcher uses in a historical study.

FALSE — Internal criticism refers to the accuracy of the contents (what the document says). Authenticity belongs to external criticism.

TRUE — Primary sources are contemporary accounts of an event, written by someone who experienced or witnessed the event in question.

FALSE — It is the National Library of the Philippines (NLP) that has over 210,000 book collections — not the National Archives.

TRUE — This is the exact definition of Local Studies Centers as described in the textbook.

FALSE — Asking "Who was the real author?" is a question of External Criticism. Internal criticism deals with the accuracy and content of what the document says.

TRUE — Since 1998, the National Museum has been the regulatory and enforcement agency of the National Government in restoring and safeguarding important cultural properties.

FALSE — According to Teodoro Agoncillo: "History deals with the past, not with the future." History is about the past. Aristotle also said: "History is a record of unchanging past."

FALSE — Numismatics is the study of coins. The study of coats of arms is Heraldry.

TRUE — Genealogy is the study of family relationships and includes family history and tracing of family lineages.

PRIMARY SOURCE — Mae Delos Santos is a direct witness/survivor. Her oral account is a primary, contemporary account of the event.

SECONDARY SOURCE — A 2010 documentary is produced years after the event by someone not a direct participant. It interprets and draws from primary accounts.

PRIMARY SOURCE — This is an original document produced by Andres Bonifacio himself (a direct participant), making it a primary source.

The 4 elements are: Historian/Author, Place, Period, and Sources.

Period refers to the context of the time when the history was written.

Aral 13: The worth of a person is not in wealth, color of skin, high social status, or descent — but in having good morals, dignity, knowing one's native tongue (Filipino language), refusing to be oppressed, knowing how to feel, and loving one's homeland.

The Declaration was proclaimed in Cavite-Viejo (Kawit), Province of Cavite on June 12, 1898. The Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence was read by its author Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counselor and Special Delegate of President Aguinaldo.

"History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another." — Jacob Burckhardt

PRIMARY SOURCE — The speech was delivered by Corazon Aquino herself (11th President of the Philippines) on September 18, 1986 at Washington D.C. As a speech delivered by the person herself, it is a direct, firsthand primary source.